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发表于 2012-6-24 02:07:28
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以下中英文均来自Wikipedia, 但中文版 呐!
艾伦·麦席森·图灵，OBE，FRS（英语：Alan Mathison Turing，又译阿兰·图灵，Turing也常翻譯成涂林或者杜林，1912年6月23日－1954年6月7日），是英国数学家、邏輯學家，他被视为计算机科学之父。
1931年图灵进入剑桥大学国王学院，毕业后到美国普林斯顿大学攻读博士学位，二战爆发后回到剑桥，后曾协助军方破解德国的著名密码系统Enigma，对盟军取得了二战的胜利有一定的帮助。
图灵对于人工智能的发展有诸多贡献，例如图灵曾写过一篇名为《机器会思考吗？》（Can Machines Think?）的论文，其中提出了一种用于判定机器是否具有智能的试验方法，即图灵测试。至今，每年都有试验的比赛。此外，图灵提出的著名的图灵机模型为现代计算机的逻辑工作方式奠定了基础。
图灵是著名的男同性恋者之一，并因为其性倾向而遭到当时的英国政府迫害，职业生涯尽毁。他亦患有花粉过敏症。
图灵还是一位世界级的长跑运动员。他的马拉松最好成绩是2小时46分3秒，比1948年奥林匹克运动会金牌成绩慢11分钟。1948年的一次跨国赛跑比赛中，他跑赢了同年奥运会银牌得主汤姆·理查兹（Tom Richards）。[1]
Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954), was a British mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which played a significant role in the creation of the modern computer.[1][2] Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.[3]
During World War II, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre. For a time he was head of Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. He devised a number of techniques for breaking German ciphers, including the method of the bombe, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.
After the war he worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he created one of the first designs for a stored-program computer, the ACE. In 1948 Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Laboratory at Manchester University, where he assisted in the development of the Manchester computers[4] and became interested in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis,[5] and he predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, which were first observed in the 1960s.
Turing's homosexuality resulted in a criminal prosecution in 1952, when homosexual acts were still illegal in the United Kingdom. He accepted treatment with female hormones (chemical castration) as an alternative to prison. He died in 1954, just over two weeks before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning. An inquest determined it was suicide; his mother and some others believed his death was accidental. On 10 September 2009, following an Internet campaign, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made an official public apology on behalf of the British government for the way in which Turing was treated after the war because of his sexual orientation.[6] |
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